Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core temperature to fall below 35°C (normal range is about 36.5°C – 37.5°C).
This can happen after prolonged exposure to cold, wet, or windy conditions, such as getting drenched in the rain and not drying off or after extended time in cold water. Even in mild weather, hypothermia can still occur if someone is wet or not wearing enough warm layers.
In severe cases where the body temperature falls to 25°C, vital systems slow down including the heart and lungs are likely to stop functioning and can result in possible death.
Symptoms
- Shivering
- Cold skin
- Slurred speech
- Clumsiness and confusion
- Exhaustion or drowsiness
- Irrational behaviour
- Slow pulse and breathing
- Loss of consciousness
Prevention
The best way to prevent hypothermia is to avoid cold, wet conditions whenever possible, or to wear protective clothing and dry off quickly if exposure is unavoidable.
Layers of loose-fitting, lightweight clothing such as wool, silk, or polypropylene helps retain body heat, while tightly woven, water-repellent outer layers are recommended to protect against rain and wind. A hat, scarf, or other protective clothing can also prevent heat loss from the head, neck, and face.
Staying dry is essential to preventing hypothermia, as wet clothing and sweating increase heat loss. It is important to keep gloves and boots clear of snow or water. Alcohol should also be avoided because it creates a false sense of warmth while actually increasing heat loss.
Treating hypothermia
- Call 000 for an ambulance
- Follow the DRSABCD Action Plan if the person is unconscious or not breathing normally
- Move them to a warm, sheltered area
- Remove wet clothes and cover with blankets, jackets, or warm clothing
- Offer sips of a warm, sweet drink if they are fully conscious
- Keep checking their pulse, breathing, and level of consciousness
What NOT to do
- DON'T provide alcohol
- DON'T re-warm with direct heat such as a fire, electric heater or hot water bottle on bare skin
- DON'T rub or massage the person
- DON'T move the casualty unnecessarily until recovered
